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Climate Change and Vaccination Strategies: Analyzing Global Immunization Challenges
Ledi Necaj*
Faculty of Technical Medical Sciences, Tirana Medical University, Tirana, Albania
Email: ledinecaj@gmail.com | ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3190-0015
Altin Goxharaj
Department of Nursing, Eqrem Cabej University, Gjirokastra, Albania
Email: altingoxharaj4@gmail.com | ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1595-4338
Aigul Matkeeva
Department of Neurology, National Center of Maternity and Childhood Care, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic.
Email: aigulmatkeeva617@gmail.com | ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3857-3683
Evgeni Nikolaev
Clinic of General Surgery, Military Medical Academy, Varna, Bulgaria
Email: en903088@gmail.com| ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7703-0732
Ilona Hartmane
Department of Dermatovenerology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
Email: ilonahartmane30@gmail.com| ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5008-9694
*Corresponding author
(2024) 04 (02) Journal of Environmental Law and Policy 180-210 https://doi.org/10.33002/jelp040207
Received: 16 July 2024
Accepted: 28 August 2024
Reviewed: 20 August 2024
Published: 30 August 2024
Revised: 26 August 2024
No. of Views:
No. of Paper Downloads:
The purpose of the study was to analyse the quality of vaccination among the population and to evaluate strategies that contribute to reducing the prevalence of infectious diseases, the number of complications, and the severity of disease. The study also examined pathogens that pose a global threat to the population, which have high risks of outbreaks due to global changes in climatic conditions. The development of vaccines capable of preventing or eliminating an infectious disease, reducing the severity of the disease and the rate of hospitalisation has been studied. In addition, the issue of the causes of low vaccination coverage in Kyrgyzstan, Albania, Bulgaria, and Latvia has been investigated. It was found that diseases that have a geographical distribution in certain climatic zones have a risk of zone expansion due to global climate warming and changes in the habitat of the pathogen or its vectors to other regions. Global health systems are constantly working to create new vaccines and modernise old ones. Despite this, there are many reasons why vaccination coverage is not reaching the target values. These reasons include the availability of vaccines to the public, the level of knowledge of medical personnel and the trust of doctors in vaccination, the level of education of the population and the availability of information about the vaccine, commitment to vaccination in patients, and trust in international medical health systems. This means that low vaccination coverage can lead to a decrease in collective immunity, the occurrence of outbreaks of infectious diseases, and an increase in the burden on the health care system. Therefore, the main strategy for immunisation of the population is to eliminate the causes of low vaccination coverage, take measures to inform the population about vaccines, and increase people’s confidence in health systems.
Keywords: Contagious diseases; Zoonotic diseases; Epidemic; Pandemic; Infection prevention
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* Univ. Prof. Dr. Dres. h.c. Philip Kunig (Germany/Turkey)
* Prof. Dr. Evangelos Raftopoulos (Greece)
* Prof. Dr. Koh Kheng Lian (Singapore)
Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Dr. Kamrul Hossain, Research Professor & Director
Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law University of Lapland, Finland
Deputy Editors-in-Chief
Dr. Evgeniya Kopitsa, Associate Professor
Department of Environmental Law Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Ukraine
Deputy Editors-in-Chief
Dr. Ngozi Finette Unuigbe,Professor of Environmental Law, Policy and Ethics
University of Benin, Nigeria
Executive Editor
Dr. Hasrat Arjjumend, President & CEO
The Grassroots Institute, Canada
Associate Editor
Dr. Nivedita Chaudhary, Assistant Professor
India International University of Legal Education and Research, India
* Prof. Dr. Noga Morag-Levine (USA)
* Prof. Dr. Reed Elizabeth Loder (USA)
* Dr. Yanmei Lin (USA)
* Dr. Sumudu Atapattu (USA)
* Dr. Srividhya Ragavan (USA)
* Prof. Dr. David N. Cassuto (USA)
* Dr. Sara L. Seck (Canada)
* Prof. Daniel W. Dylan (Canada)
* Dr. Semie Sama (Canada)
* Dr. Martin-Joe Ezeudu (Canada)
* Prof. Dr. Bándi Gyula (Hungary)
* Prof. dr. habil dr. jur. Jakab Nóra (Hungary)
* Prof. Dr. David Leary (Australia)
* Prof. dr. K.J. de Graaf (Netherlands)
* Prof. dr. H.H.B. (Hans) Vedder (Netherlands)
* Prof. Dr. Mar Campins Eritja (Spain)
* Prof. Dr. Aðalheiður Jóhannsdóttir (Iceland)
* Prof. Dr. Agustín García Ureta (Spain)
* Dr. Gabriela A. Oanta (Spain)
* Dr. Teresa Fajardo del Castillo (Granada)
* Dr. Rosa M. Fernández Egea (Spain)
* Prof. Dr. Dawid Bunikowski (Finland)
* Prof. Dr. Reetta Toivanen (Finland)
* Prof. Dr. Stefan Kirchner (Finland)
* Dr. Laura Siragusa (Finland)
* Dr. Daria Shapovalova (UK)
* Dr. Avidan Kent (UK)
* Dr. Alexandra R. Harrington (UK)
* Dr. Ilaria Espa (Switzerland)
* Prof. Massimiliano Montini (Italy)
* Prof. Dr. Sonia Carmignani (Italy)
* Prof. Nicolò Giovanni Carnimeo (Italy)
* Prof. Dr. Alexander Proelss (Germany)
* Dr. Mirjana Drenovak Ivanović (Serbia)
* Prof. Dr. Rafael Leal-Arcas (UK)
* Prof. Dr. Maja Seršić (Croatia)
* Prof. Dr. Theresa Akpoghome (Nigeria)
* Dr. Irekpitan Okukpon (Nigeria)
* Dr. Pamela Towela Sambo (Zambia)
* Prof. Dr. Olena V. Hafurova (Ukraine)
* Prof. Dr. Nadiia Kobetska (Ukraine)
* Dr. Yevhenii Suietnov (Ukraine)
* Prof. Dr. Hanna Anisimova (Ukraine)
* Dr. Vasyl Nepyivoda (Ukraine)
* Prof. Dr. Ivett M. Buenavista (Mexico)
* Prof. Dr. Cristiane Derani (Brazil)
* Prof. Dr. Carina Oliveira (Brazil)
* Dr. Mariana R. Santiago (Brazil)
* Dr. Pablo Ferrara (Argentina)
* Dr. Gloria Lucía Álvarez Pinzón (Colombia)
* Prof. Dr. Damilola S. Olawuyi (Qatar)
* Prof. Dr. Qin Tianbao (China)
* Prof. Dr. A. Z. M. M. Rashid (Bangladesh)
* Dr. Stellina Jolly (India/South Africa)
* Dr. David Schorr (Israel)
* Dr. Ruxandra Malina P. M. (Romania)
* Dr. Christine Frison (Belgium)
* Prof. Valentina Durán Medina (Chile)
* Dr. Kikelomo Kila (United Kingdom)
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