Published By:
(ISSN:2581-6853; CODEN: GJNRA9; DOI: 10.33002/nr2581.6853) is an international, scientific double blind peer-reviewed open access journal published 3 times a year online by The Grassroots Institute.
Impact Factor: exaly
Open Access—free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: Indexed in Web of Science (Zoological Record, Biosis Previews, Biological Abstracts, Biosis Full Coverage Unique, and CAB Abstracts), EBSCO and other databases.
Time for Processing: Provisional acceptance of the submitted article is given in 1 week time. After consent of author(s), manuscript is peer-reviewed and a first decision provided to authors in 2-4 weeks after submission.
Recognition of Reviewers: The reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in the journal, in appreciation of the work done. Reviewers also receive Certificate for their voluntary service.
Coordinated and published by The Grassroots Institute, the Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources (GJNR) is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancements in natural resources throughout the world. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists, social scientists, policy analysts, managers and practitioners (on all academic and professional levels) all over the world to promote, discuss and share various new issues and developments in different arenas of natural resources.
Junaid Rehman*1, Aahil Mushtaq2, Zaki Hasan3, Rizwan Shoukat4
1Knowledge360, Karachi, Pakistan, & University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia.
Email: junaid.rehman@alumni.uts.edu.au | ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-5707
2Roots Millennium Education & TMUC, Islamabad, Pakistan. Email: aahilmushtaq08@gmail.com
3Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan. Email: zaki.hassan@zu.edu.pk
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5952-6440
4Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan. Email: rshoukat@hec.gov.pk
*Corresponding author
Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 9(2): 22-59. Doi: https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.090202
Received: 06 June 2026
Reviewed: 20 July 2026
Provisionally Accepted: 22 July 2026
Revised: 30 July 2026
Finally Accepted: 01 August 2026
Published: 30 August 2026
The sports sector has long served as a key driver of economic growth, social development, and environmental sustainability. While the extant literature highlights considerable importance of these dimensions and has drawn reasonable scholarly attention, the key antecedents and processes that ensure their sustainable achievement have remained under-explored. Thus, by undergoing an in-depth literature review and employing S-O-R & TBL as the underlying theoretical frameworks, this research identifies some key drivers, processes & enablers that help derive triple bottom line outcomes for sustainable development of the sports sector in the developing countries. To this end, the SOR framework offers highly relevant context in understanding the literature-identified key Drivers that serve as the Stimuli (S), Processes & Enablers that act as the Organism (O), and Outcomes & Impacts that serve as the Responses (R). When viewed in conjunction with the TBL framework in an effort to achieve multi-dimensional outcomes, these led to the development of a literature-supported & theoretically-validated “Novel Sports Development Framework”. The framework assists in deriving triple bottom line (economic, social & environmental) & sectoral outcomes, thereby further expanding the TBL framework in the sports development context. In this regard, the influence of contextual and control factors governing the sports development offered a comprehensive understanding of the sports ecosystem in Pakistan. Being conceptual in nature, and calling for future empirical studies, the suggested framework offers comprehensive understanding of the key stakeholders (such as government, policymakers, sports associations, NGOs, media, athletes, visitors, educational institutions, etc.) along with practical recommendations for sustainable development of the sports sector in developing countries in general and Pakistan in particular.
Sports development framework, Sustainable sports development, Socio-economic growth, Sports sector of Pakistan, Sports tourism
Abbasi, M.U.R., Al-Azhari, Z.U., Bukhari, S.A.G., Awan, T.A., Akhtar, S. and Khokhar, M.F. (2021).
Role of Higher Education Commission in promotion of education in global perspective: Analytical study of higher education system of Pakistan. Multicultural Education, 7(6): 393-400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5008330.
Afshi, A.J., Zia-ul-Islam, S. and Khan, M.A. (2020). Role of higher authorities (HED and HOIs) in
Aftab, R. and Naveed, M. (2021). Investment review in sports leagues: financial evidence from Pakistan
Super League. Managerial Finance, 47(6): 856-867. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-04-2020-0214.
Ait Soussane, J. and Ibourk, A. (2025). The effect of hosting FIFA world cup on unemployment: an
empirical estimation on a panel of 10 hosting countries. Soccer & Society, 26(6): 1049-1065. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2025.2538060.
Al-Emadi, A.A., Sellami, A.L., AlMarri, S.S., Madad, J.M.N.E., Alazaizeh, M.A.H., Adam, Fadlalla, M.
and Almekaimi, H.Z. (2025). The 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar: resident interests and attitudes. Soccer & Society, 26(1): 113-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2024.2384907.
Ali, D.A., Qambrani, D.M.R., Akhtar, A. and Ansari, D.K. (2020). Impact of Financial Incentives on the
Performance of Field Hockey Teams (Men): A Case Study of Higher Education Institutions (HEIS) Of Pakistan. The Shield-Research Journal of Physical Education & Sports Science, 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.57038/theshield.v11i0.376.
Ali, H., Wright, R. and Dickson, G. (2023). Sport policy in Pakistan. International Journal of Sport
Policy and Politics, 15(3): 563-575. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2023.2219272.
Ali, M., Rehman, T.U. and Saeed, A. (2025). Sports laws in Pakistan: A legal framework for governance,
ethics, and dispute resolution. Advance Social Science Archive Journal, 4(02): 1523-1533. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17577398.
AlSheddi, M. (2026). From the pitch to the world stage: the role of football in Saudi Arabia’s nation
branding. European Journal for Sport and Society: 1–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2026.2639637.
Andreff, W. (2021). Economic Globalization of the Sports Industry. In: Maguire, J., Liston, K. and
Falcous, M. (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Globalization and Sport. 1st edn. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 271–295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56854-0_13.
Antunovic, D. and Bien-Aimé, S. (2025). Digital Media Technologies in Sports Media: Issues in Media
Production, Representation and Consumption. In: Goodyear, V. A. and Bundon, A. (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Digital Technologies in Sport, Exercise and Physical Education. 1st edn. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge, pp. 52–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003411758-5.
Arman, A. (2022). The role of local government in sports development in Maros district. Requisitoire
Law Enforcement, 13(2): 60-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59651/relae.v13i2.91.
Atalay, A. and Demir, S. (2024). Sports, environment and climate change: The carbon footprint of sports
facilities based on energy consumption in Turkey. Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences, 2(133): 13-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v2i133.1545.
Avcı, P. and Bayrakdar, A. (2023). Revolutionizing Sport – How Technology Is Changing the Sports
Industry? In: Bayraktar, I. (ed.), The use of developing technology in sports. 1st edn. Gaziantep, Türkiye: Özgür Yayınları, pp. 2–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58830/ozgur.pub315.c1476.
Bardocz-Bencsik, M., Begović, M. and Dóczi, T. (2021). Star athlete ambassadors of sport for
development and peace. Celebrity Studies, 12(3): 407–422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2019.1639525.
Berry, J. (2022). An Armchair fan's guide to the Qatar World Cup: the story of how football came to the
desert. edn.: Pitch Publishing Limited.
BestReads (2025). The Business of Cricket: Global Revenue Analysis by Country (2025) [Online].
Medium. Available from: https://medium.com/mycricket/the-business-of-cricket-global-revenue-analysis-by-country-2025-4fb9ecb7705c [Accessed 23 July 2026].
Bhandari, R. (2026). Pakistan Fitness Equipment Market (2020-2026) | Revenue, Trends, Value,
Analysis, Forecast, Companies, Size, Share, Industry, Growth, Outlook & COVID-19 IMPACT [Online]. Available from: https://www.6wresearch.com/industry-report/pakistan-fitness-equipment-market-2020-2026 [Accessed 23 July 2026].
Blanco, D. (2017). Sports governance: Issues, challenges and perspectives. Asia-Pacific Social Science
Review, 17(1): 105–111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59588/2350-8329.1126. .
Bondar, A., Petrenko, I., Sereda, N. and Petrenko, V. (2025). Professional training of sports event
organizers, promoters and sports agents. Scientific Journal of National Drahomanov Pedagogical University. Series 15, 8(195): 213-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31392/UDU-nc.series15.2025.08(195).45
Bradbury, J.C. (2021). Financial returns in major league soccer. Journal of Sports Economics, 22(8): 921-
945. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/15270025211022733.
Bradbury, J.C., Coates, D. and Humphreys, B.R. (2023). The impact of professional sports franchises and
venues on local economies: A comprehensive survey. Journal of Economic Surveys, 37(4): 1389-1431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12533.
Buraimo, B. (2006). The Demand for Sports Broadcasting. In: Andreff, W. and Szymanski, S. (eds.),
Handbook on the economics of sport. 1ST edn. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 100–111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847204073.00017.
Burton, N., Chadwick, S., Widdop, P. and Bond, A. (2024). The geopolitical economy of major sporting
events – where business and management meets politics and geography. In: Solberg, H. A., Storm, R. K. and Swart, K. (eds.), Research Handbook on Major Sporting Events. 1st edn. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 60–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800885653.00012.
Buxbaum, O. (2016). The S-O-R-Model. In, Key insights into basic mechanisms of mental activity. 1st
edn. Cham: Springer, pp. 7–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29467-4_2.
Cabo, C.A., Hernández-Beltrán, V., Gamonales, J.M., Parraca, J.A., Fernandes, O. and Espada, M.C.
(2026). Evolution of research related to how a sedentary lifestyle influences the aging process: a bibliometric review. Journal of Public Health, 34(4): 919-937. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-024-02327-7.
Castellanos Dolk, D., Hedevik, H., Stigson, H., Wretenberg, P., Kvist, J. and Stålman, A. (2025).
Nationwide incidence of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in higher-level athletes in Sweden: a cohort study from the Swedish National Knee Ligament Registry linked to six sports organisations. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 59(7): 470-479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108343.
Cayolla, R.R., Escadas, M., Biscaia, R., Kellison, T., Quintela, J.A. and Santos, T. (2023). Fans'
perceptions of pro-environmental sustainability initiatives in sport and triple bottom line benefits. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 24(2): 395-421. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-07-2022-0141.
Chen, T.-C. (2025). Role of corporate social responsibility in the financial sustainability of sports
organizations. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 49(2-3): 196-225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/01937235251316639.
Chunying, M. and Awan, M. (2023). Pakistan cricket: An emblem of national unity and cohesion. Journal
of Development and Social Sciences, 4(3): 865-873. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47205/jdss.2023(4-III)79.
Cook, D., Biscaia, R., Papadas, K., Simkin, L. and Carter, L. (2023). The creation of shared value in the
major sport event ecosystem: understanding the role of sponsors and hosts. European Sport Management Quarterly, 23(3): 811-832. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2021.1931394.
Dallmeyer, S., Breuer, C. and Feiler, S. (2024). To pay or not to pay? The effects of monetary
compensation on volunteers in sports clubs. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 53(5): 1181-1204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/08997640231210456.
Dastbarhagh, H., Afroozeh, M.S., Mohammadzadeh, Y. and Fadam, A. (2023). Investigating the role of
sport in sustainable environmental development: A case study. Journal of Archives in Military Medicine, 11(1): 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/jamm-132655.
Elkington, J. (2008). The triple bottom line. In, Environmental management: Readings and cases. 2nd
edn. Thousand Oaks, California, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 49-66.
Fried, G. and Kastel, M. (2026). Managing Sport Facilities. 5th edn.: Human Kinetics.
Gamper, N., Romanelli, M., Bocarro, J. and Schnitzer, M. (2025). Bidding beyond the game: the legacies
of (un) successful sports event bids on host locations. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 16(2): 293-310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-04-2024-0038.
Gharehkhani, H. and Mohammadi Moghani, H. (2022). Identifying and Prioritize the Multiple Roles of
Government in the Process of Sports Industry Privatization. Research in Sport Management and Marketing, 3(3): 61-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22098/rsmm.2022.1794.
Giliomee, N. (2019). Role of NGOs in sport development and importance of monitoring and evaluation
systems: The Case of the Knysna Sport Academy. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
Green, M. (2009). Non-Governmental Organisations in Sports Development. In: Girginov, V. (ed.),
Management of Sports Development. 1st edn. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 103–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080570099-12.
Guatam, D., Saini, P., Haq, A.U., Yadav, S.K., Singh, A., Kumar, R., Singh, V. and Reddy, T.O. (2026).
Artificial intelligence in sport sciences: A systematic review of models and methods. Sports Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 42(1): 62-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orthtr.2025.08.001.
Habibi, F. and Khairandish, M.O. (2023). Evolution of technology in sports: Impact on performance,
management, and fan experience. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 10(1): 995-1000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.10.1.0831.
Hameed, S., Rasool, A. and Kiran, Z. (2025). Machine Learning Based Optimized Cricket Team
Prediction for Players. International Journal of Advanced Computing & Emerging Technologies, 1(2): 1-16.
Hasaan, A. (2016). Establishing athlete brand in cricket: fan’s perception about foreign cricketers in
Pakistan super league (PSL). Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 7(3): 23-39.
Hautbois, C., Biscaia, R. and Djaballah, M. (2025). Athletes as destination ambassadors: understanding
the role of athlete attachment and sport involvement on country-of-origin’s image and intention to visit. Leisure Studies, 44(3): 540-558. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2024.2328096.
Hautbois, C. and Desbordes, M. (2023). Sustainability in Sport: Sport, Part of the Problem… and of the
Solution. Sustainability, 15(15): 11820. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511820.
Henriksen, K., Stambulova, N., Storm, L.K. and Schinke, R. (2024). Towards an ecology of athletes’
career transitions: Conceptualization and working models. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 22(7): 1684-1697. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2023.2213105.
Herold, D.M., Joachim, G., Frawley, S. and Schulenkorf, N. (2022). Managing global sport events:
Holt, R. (2025). Sport and the British: a modern history. 2nd edn. London: Oxford University Press. DOI:
Houlihan, B. (2007). Politics and sport. Handbook of sports studies. DOI:
Hu, H., Chen, Y. and Li, W. (2023). The green economic impact of a green comprehensive industry
agglomeration: An example from the sports industry. Heliyon, 9(12): e22707. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22707.
Huan, T.-C.T., Jiang, Y. and Fotiadis, A.K. (2026). Sport Tourism: People, Places, and Participation. 1st
edn.: Taylor & Francis. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003710684.
Hums, M.A., Kluch, Y., Schmidt, S.H. and MacLean, J.C. (2023a). Governance and policy in sport
organizations. edn.: Routledge.
Hums, M.A., Kluch, Y., Schmidt, S.H. and MacLean, J.C. (2023b). Governance and policy in sport
organizations. 5th edn. New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003303183.
Hurt, J., Yang, L., Sorger, J., Lampoltshammer, T.J., Pulda, N., Rosenbichler, U., Thurner, S. and
Klimek, P. (2024). Evidence-based policy-making in sports funding using a data-driven optimization approach. PLOS ONE, 19(12): e0312179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0312179.
Iftikhar, M.T., Nazir, M., Barki, Z., Saeed, M. and Khan, S. (2021). The resurrection of Pakistan’s field
hockey: A qualitative approach. Elementary Education Online, 20(4): 3070-3077. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2021.04.351.
Jacobs, K., De Jans, S., Evens, T. and Constandt, B. (2025). In the arena of debate: a systematic literature
review on sports sponsorship by controversial industries. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 26(1): 204-225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-07-2024-0155.
Jain, V. (2025). Why Pakistan forges ahead and India lags behind? Analysis of sports equipment exports
in global context. Millennial Asia, 16(4): 555-583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/09763996231191735.
Jonson, P.T. and Thorpe, D. (2019). Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Sport Governance. In: Shilbury, D.
and Ferkins, L. (eds.), Routledge handbook of Sport Governance. 1st edn. London: Routledge, pp. 35-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429440250-3.
Kamenecka-Usova, M., Korde, Z., Zidens, J., Luika, S., Agapova, O., Palkova, K. and Martinsone, K.
(2025). Research patterns in sports law and sports governance: a scopus bibliometric study. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 7: 1590858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1590858.
Karimi, T. and Honarvar, A. (2018). The relation of the sport tourism with job creation, income and
poverty reduction and investment in Tehran. Singaporean Journal of Business Economics and Management, 6(7): 13-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12816/0048622.
Khan, A.Q., Rizwan, S. and Irfan, M. (2023). Comparative Study of Cricket Management Laws in
Pakistan and Other Jurisdictions: A Legal Perspectives. International Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(2): 133-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.66594/irjssh.v2i2.70.
Khaskheli, N.A. and Ansari, M.A. (2023). Prevalence of Social Support and its Role in the Players’
Talent Management at the Higher Education Institutions of Sindh and Punjab. Human Nature Journal of Social Sciences, 4(3): 180-190.
Khurram, S. (2024). Students’ Perception about Sports and Education: A Case of University-Going
Students in Pakistan. Bulletin of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(1): 25-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48112/bms.v1i1.469.
Kim, J.-H., Kim, J., Kang, H. and Youn, B.-Y. (2025). Ethical implications of artificial intelligence in
sport: A systematic scoping review. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 14: 101047. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101047.
King, J., Burgess, T.L., Hendricks, C. and Carson, F. (2023). The coach's role during an athlete's
rehabilitation following sports injury: A scoping review. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 18(3): 928-944. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221150694.
Kolyperas, D. and Sparks, L. (2025). Exploring value co-creation in Fan Fests: the role of fans. In:
Manoli, A. E. (ed.), Contemporary Issues in Sports Marketing. 1st edn.: Routledge, pp. 71-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003590910-6.
Kučera, J., Zimková, E., Nemec, J. and Nemec, M. (2023). A comparative analysis of the efficiency of
public funding policies for sports in the European Union. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(2): 2280335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2280335.
Kurniawan, R., Santoso, I., Akbar, A., Dalimunthe, H., Damra, H., Rahmi, I., Guspa, A., Dwatra, F. and
Kwon, S.H. (2024). Analyzing the impact of team-building interventions on team cohesion in sports
teams: a meta-analysis study. Frontiers in Psychology, 15: 1353944. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1353944.
Laar, R.A., Shi, S., Ashraf Azeem, M. and Menhas, R. (2021). Pakistan’s participation at the summer
Olympic games, 1948 to 2016: a social development theory approach. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 38(5): 511-526. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2021.1933952.
Lertwachara, K., Tongurai, J. and Boonchoo, P. (2021). Mega sporting events and inward foreign direct
Li, C. and Bo, X. (2023). The Historical Evolution of Violence in Competitive Sport: From Ancient
Athletics to Modern Sport. Revista de Psicología del Deporte (Journal of Sport Psychology), 32(3): 437-445.
Li, R. and Ling, X. (2024). The impact of sustainable sports tourism on economic growth in Guangzhou:
an empirical study. Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Science, 8(12): 2813-2822. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26855/jhass.2024.12.027.
Li, R.T., Kling, S.R., Salata, M.J., Cupp, S.A., Sheehan, J. and Voos, J.E. (2016). Wearable performance
devices in sports medicine. Sports Health, 8(1): 74-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738115616917.
Li, X. and Guo, X. (2024). Factors affecting the protection of data rights in sports events: A
configurational analysis. Scientific Reports, 14(1): 5353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56074-6.
Li, Y. and An, N. (2025). The impact of health consciousness and environmental awareness on sports
enthusiasts’ purchase intentions for sustainable sports products. World, 6(1): 20. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3390/world6010020.
Liang, H., Yasmeen Iqbal, D. and Khan, S. (2022). Strategies and Suggestions for the Development of
Sports Tourism in Pakistan. Journal of Positive School Psychology: 10864-10875.
Liang, S., Li, J. and Xu, S. (2026). Residents’ perceptions of impacts and support for sports events: A
meta-analysis based on social exchange theory and triple bottom line. Journal of Leisure Research, 57(2): 202-229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2025.2478197.
Lindsey, I. and Brown, P. (2025). Partnerships and Networks in Sports Development. In, Management of
Sports Development. 2nd edn.: Routledge, pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-8562-7.00011-2.
Lombardo, M.P. (2012). On the evolution of sport. Evolutionary Psychology, 10(1): 1-28. DOI:
Lopes dos Santos, G. and Gonçalves, J. (2022). The Olympic Effect in strategic planning: insights from
candidate cities. Planning Perspectives, 37(4): 659-683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2021.2004214.
Mabagala, S. (2025). A Literature Review on Strategic Planning for Reforming Sport Sector Toward
Sustainable Development. International Journal of Educational Reform: 10567879251318734. DOI: 10.1177/10567879251318734.
Maksymchuk, B., Pohrebniak, D., Roshchin, I., Drachuk, A., Romanenko, V., Ovcharuk, V., Ovcharuk, V.
and Maksymchuk, I. (2022). Effective decision-making for extreme situations in sports coaching. Revista Romaneasca Pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 14(3): 510-521. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/14.3/623.
Martínková, I. (2023). Inclusion as the value of eligibility rules in sport. Journal of the Philosophy of
Sport, 50(3): 345-364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2023.2268700.
Mehra, V., Bharany, S., Singh, P., Sawhney, R.S., Kaur, U., Rehman, A.U. and Hussen, S. (2025).
Impacts of digital technologies and social media platforms on advocating environmental sustainability in sports sector. Discover Sustainability, 6(1): 121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-00932-4.
Mehrabian, A. and Russell, J.A. (1974). A verbal measure of information rate for studies in
environmental psychology. Environment and Behavior, 6(2): 233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001391657400600205.
Millington, R., Giles, A.R., Van Luijk, N. and Hayhurst, L.M. (2022). Sport for sustainability? The
extractives industry, sport, and sustainable development. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 46(3): 293-317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723521991413.
Mirzaie, S., Salimi, M. and Rahimi Sarshabadrani, G. (2022). The role of sports tourism development in
job creation: Providing a model. Journal of new studies in sport management, 3(2): 442-451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22103/JNSSM.2022.19085.1066.
Mohammadi, S., Ghasemi Siani, M. and Alonso Dos Santos, M. (2024). Effectiveness of sponsorship
type, sport team identification, team support and congruence. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 25(1): 188-209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-05-2023-0110.
Morgan, P.B., Fletcher, D. and Sarkar, M. (2019). Developing team resilience: A season-long study of
psychosocial enablers and strategies in a high-level sports team. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 45: 101543. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101543.
Mousavi, R., Najafabadi, M.O., Mirdamadi, S.M. and Hosseini, S.J.F. (2022). Rural sports and local
games: missing link between sports tourism development and sustainability. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 26(3): 201-223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2022.2058069.
Moustakas, L. and Robrade, D. (2023). Sport for social cohesion: From scoping review to new research
directions. Sport in Society, 26(8): 1301-1318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2022.2130049.
Muñoz, J., Solanellas, F., Crespo, M. and Kohe, G.Z. (2023). Governance in regional sports
organisations: An analysis of the Catalan sports federations. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1): 2209372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2209372.
Mutz, M. and Gerke, M. (2024). National Pride Effects of Major Sporting Events. In: Solberg, H. A.,
Storm, R. K. and Swart, K. (eds.), Research Handbook on Major Sporting Events. 1st edn. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 485–497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800885653.00047.
Naqvi, A. (2025). The Inevitability of Cricket. In: Pande, A. (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Contemporary
Pakistan. 2nd edn. London: Routledge, pp. 76–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003493846-6.
Navandar, R.K., Hasan, S.H., Jadhav, N., Singh, K.U., Monisha, R. and Venkatram, N. (2025).
Modernizing sports an intelligent strategy for entertainment through internet of things in sports. Entertainment Computing, 52: 100804. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2024.100804.
Nguyen, D.A. (2025). Qatar 2022-The World Cup and The Economy. Denison University
Nosheen, S. and Aslam, S. (2022). Decline of Hockey in Pakistan: A Survey Research. Pakistan Social
Sciences Review, 6(2): 554-561. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)47.
Ocak, M.F., Şentürk, D. and Akyildiz, Z. (2025). Validity and reliability of catapult vector S7 GNSS units
in distance measurement. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 17(1): 296. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01335-8.
Olsen, R.J., Hasan, S.S., Woo, J.J., Nawabi, D.H. and Ramkumar, P.N. (2025). The fundamentals and
applications of wearable sensor devices in sports medicine: a scoping review. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 41(2): 473-492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2024.01.042.
Ordiñana-Bellver, D., González-García, R., Pérez-Campos, C. and Crespo-Hervás, J. (2026). Sport
tourism as a driver of sustainable rural development: Community perceptions and strategic implications. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 64(1): 198-205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.64117-1668.
Owiti, S. and Hauw, D. (2025). Social Adaptability Skills Educational Session Within a Team Sport
Context. Psychology International, 7(1): 17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/psycholint7010017.
Piekarz, M. (2020). Sport operations management and development: an applied approach. 1st edn.
London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429319327.
Postlethwaite, V., Jenkin, C. and Sherry, E. (2023). Sport diplomacy: an integrative review. Sport
Management Review, 26(3): 361-382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2022.2071054.
Pott, C., Spiekermann, C., Breuer, C. and Ten Hompel, M. (2024). Managing logistics in sport: a
comprehensive systematic literature review. Management Review Quarterly, 74: 2341-2400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-023-00361-5.
Prasad, G., Akram, M. and Khan, S.H. (2026). A Review on Sports Engineering and Technology. In:
PSB (2025). Affiliated National Sports Federations with PSB [Online]. Pakistan Sports Board. Available
Quamar, M.M., Hameed, S. and Kumaraswamy, P. (2020). Persian Gulf 2020. 1st edn. Singapore:
Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6415-4.
Raharja, D.S.P., Kusmaedi, N., Ma’Mun, A. and Berliana, B. (2021). Sports facilities create jobs? the
economic impact of the presence of sports facilities. Juara, 6(1): 107-114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33222/juara.v6i1.1120.
Raso, G. and Cherubini, D. (2024). The sport tourism and regional economic development: A systematic
review. Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance, 3(1): 108-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55860/JKWX7277.
Schwab, B. (2019). Protect, respect and remedy: global sport and human rights. Int Sports Law Rev, 3:
52-65.
Schwarz, E.C., Hall, S.A. and Shibli, S. (2015). Sport facility operations management: A global
perspective. 2nd edn. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315736815.
Seippel, Ø., Dalen, H.B., Sandvik, M.R. and Solstad, G.M. (2018). From political sports to sports politics:
on political mobilization of sports issues. International journal of sport policy and politics, 10(4): 669-686. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2018.1501404.
Setiawan, I., Helmi, B., Sari, I.E.P. and Saputra, R. (2022). Analysis of Facilities and Infrastructure
Management Government Sports Institutions. Journal Management of Sport, 1(1): 1-8.
Shahzad, K., Aslam, S. and Javaid, A. (2023). Determining competitiveness of Pakistan sports goods
industry using revealed comparative analysis. International Journal of Management Research and Emerging Science, 13(2).
Simons, E.E. and Bird, M.D. (2023). Coach-athlete relationship, social support, and sport-related
psychological well-being in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 17(3): 191-210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19357397.2022.2060703.
Slaper, T.F. and Hall, T.J. (2011). The triple bottom line: What is it and how does it work. Indiana
business review, 86(1): 4-8.
Smith, A.C., Stavros, C., Skinner, J., Geurin, A.N. and Burch, L.M. (2024). Introduction to sport
marketing. 3rd edn. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003391319.
Tak, M., Kim, Y.J. and Rhind, D.J. (2025). Rights-based policies for role-bearing people: Are geo-
cultural norms a hindrance to cultivating safer sport? International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 60(4): 591-610. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10126902241277225.
Tamir, I. (2022). The natural life cycle of sports fans. Sport in Society, 25(2): 338-352. DOI:
Teitelbaum, J. and Knight, B. (2025). The World’s Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2025 [Online]. Forbes.
Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/justinteitelbaum/2025/05/30/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2025/ [Accessed 23 July 2026].
Teixeira, M.C., Banza, T., Almeida, N. and Sesinando, A. (2024). Motivations and expectations of Olympic
volunteers: Building a legacy of personal development as a key factor for the success of sports mega-events. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 102(1): 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2024-0001.
Tsekouropoulos, G., Gkouna, O., Theocharis, D. and Gounas, A. (2022). Innovative sustainable tourism
development and entrepreneurship through sports events. Sustainability, 14(8): 4379. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084379.
Van den Hurk, M. and Verhoest, K. (2017). On the fast track? Using standard contracts in public–private
partnerships for sports facilities: A case study. Sport Management Review, 20(2): 226-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2016.07.004.
Varea-Calero, A.D., Rejón-Guardia, F., Ramírez-Hurtado, J.M. and Berbel-Pineda, J.M. (2025). Impact
and development of sport sponsorship: a three-decade bibliometric analysis (1993–2024). Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 15(2): 176-203. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-09-2024-0134.
Varmus, M., Kubina, M., Mičiak, M., Boško, P. and Greguška, I. (2023). More sustainable sports
organizations' operation as a result of fan involvement into the processes of decision-making and community building. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 11(1): 10. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2023.11.1(1).
Wu, C. (2025). The impact of sports industry output on economic growth: evidence from China. Journal
of the Knowledge Economy, 16(2): 8420-8440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02218-y.
Yaari, C. (2025). HBL to remain title sponsor for PSL’s 11th & 12th editions (2026–2028) [Online].
Facebook. Available from: https://www.facebook.com/61553374228407/posts/hbl-to-remain-title-sponsor-for-psls-11th-12th-editions-20262028-sponsorship-val/122239340402112474/ [Accessed 23 July 2026].
Zawadzki, K. (2022). The economic legacy of mega sporting events. The impact of hosting European
Olympic Games on GDP Growth Through Infrastructure Development. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 29: 36-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2022-0019.
Zhang, Y., Hou, Y., Cao, L., Xiong, Y. and Huang, Q. (2023). Analyzing the influence of internet usage
behavior on spectator sports consumption among college students: An empirical SEM study based on the SOR model. Journal of Internet Technology, 24(6): 1379-1389. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53106/160792642023112406020
Rehman, J., Mushtaq, A., Hasan, Z. and Shoukat, R. (2026). Towards a Sustainable Sports Development Framework: A Socio-Economic, Environmental and Sectoral Growth Perspective. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 9(2): 22-59. Doi: https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.090202
Rehman, J., Mushtaq, A., Hasan, Z., & Shoukat, R. (2026). Towards a Sustainable Sports Development Framework: A Socio-Economic, Environmental and Sectoral Growth Perspective. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 9(2), 22-59. https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.090202
Rehman J., Mushtaq A., Hasan Z., Shoukat R. Towards a Sustainable Sports Development Framework: A Socio-Economic, Environmental and Sectoral Growth Perspective. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 2026, 9 (2), 22-59. https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.090202
Rehman, Junaid, Mushtaq, Aahil, Hasan, Zaki, Shoukat, Rizwan. 2026. “Towards a Sustainable Sports Development Framework: A Socio-Economic, Environmental and Sectoral Growth Perspective”. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 9 no. 2: 22-59. https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.090202
Rehman, Junaid, Aahil Mushtaq, Zaki Hasan and Rizwan Shoukat. 2026. “Towards a Sustainable Sports Development Framework: A Socio-Economic, Environmental and Sectoral Growth Perspective”. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 9 (2): 22-59. https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.090202
| Crossref: | https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.090202 |
| EuroPub: | |
| Scilit: | |
| Academia.edu: | |
| Dimensions: | |
| ZENODO: | |
| OpenAIRE: | |
| Scribd: | |
| Research Gate: | |
| Google Scholar: |
| Internet Archive: | |
| WorldCat: |
© 2026 by the author(s). Licensee Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). We allow to freely share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially) with a legal code: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.
Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources by The Grassroots Institute is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Based on a work at www.grassrootsjournals.org.
Go to Top
