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Coordinated and published by The Grassroots Institute, the Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources (GJNR) is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancements in natural resources throughout the world. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists, social scientists, policy analysts, managers and practitioners (on all academic and professional levels) all over the world to promote, discuss and share various new issues and developments in different arenas of natural resources.
Governing Sustainable Tourism of Small Islands in Makassar, Indonesia and the Visayas, Philippines
Ihyani Malik1, Andi Luhur Prianto*2, Estefanie Cortez3
1Department of Public Administration, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, Indonesia. Email: ihyani@unismuh.ac.id
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5637-6996
2Department of Government Studies, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, Indonesia. Email: luhur@unismuh.ac.id
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2828-3981
3Department of Political Economy, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
Email: inquire@pup.edu.ph | ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4505-9335
*Corresponding author
Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 8(2): 531-551. Doi: https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.080225
Received: 05 July 2025
Reviewed: 26 July 2025
Provisionally Accepted: 29 July 2025
Revised: 01 August 2025
Finally Accepted: 07 August 2025
Published: 25 August 2025
The tourism industry in Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia and the Philippines, is growing rapidly. This research analyzes sustainable tourism management on small islands in Makassar, Indonesia, and the Visayas, Philippines. This research uses a descriptive-qualitative approach carried out by a literature study. The results showed that Visayas has a more advanced ecotourism management system with strict regulations related to environmental protection, implementation of zero-waste programs, and strengthening community participation in community-based ecotourism. On the other hand, Makassar City still faces challenges in tourism management, especially in aspects of environmental conservation, equitable distribution of economic benefits, and the development of infrastructure and facilities that support tourism sustainability. The level of environmental awareness among communities and tourists in Visayas is higher compared to Makassar, which is influenced by conservation education programs and the active participation of local communities. Therefore, this study recommends improving environmental regulations, developing community-based ecotourism, and optimizing tourism infrastructure in Makassar so that the tourism sector can develop sustainably. Future research can explore the best policy models in island tourism management, long-term impacts on ecosystems, and the use of technology in improving tourism sustainability in coastal and island areas.
Governing; Sustainable tourism; Environmental management; Community participation
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Malik, I., Prianto, A.L. and Cortez, E. (2025). Governing Sustainable Tourism of Small Islands in Makassar, Indonesia and the Visayas, Philippines. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 8(2): 531-551. Doi: https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.080225
Malik, I., Prianto, A.L., & Cortez, E. (2025). Governing Sustainable Tourism of Small Islands in Makassar, Indonesia and the Visayas, Philippines. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 8(2), 531-551. https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.080225
Malik I., Prianto A.L., Cortez E. Governing Sustainable Tourism of Small Islands in Makassar, Indonesia and the Visayas, Philippines. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 2025, 8 (2), 531-551. https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.080225
Malik, Ihyani, Prianto, Andi Luhur, Cortez, Estefanie. 2025. “Governing Sustainable Tourism of Small Islands in Makassar, Indonesia and the Visayas, Philippines”. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 8 no. 2: 531-551. https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.080225
Malik, Ihyani, Andi Luhur Prianto and Estefanie Cortez. 2025. “Governing Sustainable Tourism of Small Islands in Makassar, Indonesia and the Visayas, Philippines”. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 8 (2): 531-551. https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.080225
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