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Coordinated and published by The Grassroots Institute, the Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources (GJNR) is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancements in natural resources throughout the world. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists, social scientists, policy analysts, managers and practitioners (on all academic and professional levels) all over the world to promote, discuss and share various new issues and developments in different arenas of natural resources.
Water Insecurity and Development Cooperation: Hungary’s Engagement in Africa
Zoltán Ködmön
Department of International Studies and Communication, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary.
Email: kodmon.zoltan@sze.hu | ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0975-1732
Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 8(2): 1-27. Doi: https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.080201
Received: 07 April 2025
Reviewed: 05 June 2025
Provisionally Accepted: 10 June 2025
Revised: 22 April 2025
Finally Accepted: 06 July 2025
Published: 21 August 2025
The Sustainable Development Report 2023 showed that 2.2 billion people lacked access to safely managed drinking water in 2022, with 703 million unable to access even basic services. In addition to this, the Afrobarometer’s 2024 survey indicated that Sub-Saharan Africa water supply was ranked among the top governance challenges in 39 surveyed countries. This study explores regional and urban–rural disparities in access to drinking water, while also assessing the scope and geography of Hungary’s water-related development cooperation on the continent. The methodology combines quantitative indicators from the UNICEF–WHO Joint Monitoring Programme with geospatial visualization techniques. The analysis reveals substantial inequalities in rural Eastern Africa, over 97 million people rely on surface water or unimproved sources, while Middle Africa reports more than 55 million in the same categories. In contrast, urban areas in Northern Africa show significantly better outcomes, with over 111 million having access to safely managed drinking water. These figures highlight persistent spatial divides and the critical need for targeted investment in rural service provision. Hungarian development engagement was examined through project records from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, alongside publicly available data from Hungarian NGOs and private sector actors. The study finds that Hungary has contributed to water-related initiatives in countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, and Uganda, but has had limited involvement in other severely affected countries, including Niger (31% unsafe access), Madagascar (42%), and the Central African Republic (37%). This study addresses a significant research gap since the intersection of Hungarian development cooperation and African water security has received minimal scholarly attention to date. By offering a comprehensive, data-driven analysis of both African water access and Hungary’s related foreign engagement, the research contributes to the understanding of potential synergies and future avenues for international collaboration in this field.
International development; Sustainability; Water development; Water security
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Ködmön, Z. (2025). Water Insecurity and Development Cooperation: Hungary’s Engagement in Africa. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 8(2), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.080201
Ködmön Z. Water Insecurity and Development Cooperation: Hungary’s Engagement in Africa. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 2025, 8 (2), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.080201
Ködmön, Zoltán. 2025. “Water Insecurity and Development Cooperation: Hungary’s Engagement in Africa”. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 8 no. 2: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.080201
Ködmön, Zoltán. 2025. “Water Insecurity and Development Cooperation: Hungary’s Engagement in Africa”. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 8 (2): 1-27. https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.080201
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